Chloramphenicol
General, Extraction, Projects, Uses, Patent, Consultants, Company Profiles, Reports, Market
 
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  • Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.
  • It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of
    microorganisms.
  • Chloramphenicol can easily pass deeply through purulent material to the organisms hiding within, through cell membranes to attack parasites living within, and into organs where other antibiotics cannot go.
  • Typically, the three basic steps used in the majority of methods of analysis for chloramphenicol are: Preparation of the primary extract of the sample; Purification of the primary extract; Detection and quantification of residues of chloramphenicol.
  • There are numerous procedures used to purify the primary extract in order to remove substances interfering with the detection and quantification step. Solid phase extraction is the most widely used technique for purification in the analysis of residues of chloramphenicol in food matrices.
  • Chloramphenicol inhibits protein syntheis in bacteria and to a lesser extent in eukaryotic cells. The drug readily penetrates bacterial cells,  probably by facilitated diffusion.
  • Chloramphenicol also can inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, perhaps because mitochondrial ribosomes resemble
    bacterial ribosomes more than they do the 80 S cytoplasmic ribosomes of mammalian cells.
  • Chloramphenicol exists as white to grayish-white or yellowish-white fine crystalline powder, needles, or elongated plates, with a melting point of 150.5°C to 151.5°C.
  • Chloramphenicol is soluble in water, chloroform, and ether, and very soluble in propylene glycol, 50% acetamide, methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. It is insoluble in benzene, petroleum ether, and vegetable oils.
  • Chloramphenicol can produce two distinctive types of bone marrow suppression. Chloramphenicol interferes with the actions of several  bactericidal drugs, such as penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides.
  • Chloramphenicol can be detected in blood serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC or enzyme immunoassay may be used to determine chloramphenicol levels in blood. Chloramphenicol can be measured in pharmaceutical preparations for humans and animals with microbiological, turbidimetric, and spectrophotometric assays.

  • Chloramphenicol is an antimicrobial agent with restricted use, because it causes blood dyscrasia. It is used to combat serious infections for which other antibiotics are either ineffective or contraindicated. It can be used against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • It is currently used in eye ointments to treat superficial ocular infections involving the conjunctiva or cornea, in topical ointments to treat the
    external ear or skin, in various tablets for oral administration, and in intravenous suspensions to treat internal infections.
  • Chloramphenicol has been used to treat protozoa infections in animals. Chloramphenicol is used in both dogs and cats to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including skin infections, wound infections, bone infections, infections of the central nervous system (encephalitis, meningitis), pneumonia, and infections of the intestinal tract (such as diarrhea).
  • It acts on the protein manufacturing system of bacteria (the cell's ribosomes) yet does not affect mammalian, reptilian, or avian ribosomes. With protein manufacture being highly crucial for metabolism, disrupting a cell's ability to make protein is disastrous. Highly susceptible bacteria are killed outright while others are merely rendered unable to divide and the host's immune system then destroys them upon discovery. Chloramphenicol has an especially broad spectrum of activity against numerous aerobic bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydial organisms, and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Chloramphenicol is used in human medicine as oral therapy for infections. The drug is used for therapy and prophylaxis of plague.

  •  Chloramphenicol as described by the USFDA is a potent broad-spectrum antibiotic drug used only as therapeutic doses for treatment of serious infections in humans.
General
  • Chloramphenicol
  • History and Background
  • Chloramphenicol Drug Information
  • Product Information
  • Chloramphenicol Intro
  • Overview of Chloramphenicol
  • Veterinary—Systemic

Extraction

  • Solid Phase Extraction Procedues for Validation of Charm II Sulfonamide, Streptomycin and Chloramphenicol Positives and Detection of Tylosin in Honey
  • The Selective Extraction of Chloramphenicol Using Molecular Imprinted Polymer SPE
  • Rapid Determination of Chloramphenicol Residues in Honey by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and the Validation of Method

  • Preparation of Chloramphenicol
  • SupelMIP™SPE-Chloramphenicol  Method validated for extractions from plasma and milk

  • Determination and Confirmation of Chloramphenicol

Analysis

  • The Enzymatic Acetylation of Chloramphenicol by the Multiple Drug-resistant Escherichia coli Carrying R Factor

  • Dissolution Profile Evaluation of Solid Pharmaceutical Forms Containing Chloramphenicol Marketed in Brazil

  • Determination of Chloramphenicol Residues in honey by Monolithic Column Liquid Chromatography
  • Chloramphenicol determination in milk by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry

  • Determination of Chloramphenicol Residues in Shrimp and Crab Tissues by Electrospray Triple Quadrupole LC/MS/MS

Functions

  • Action of Chloramphenicol and Its Isomers on Secondary Biosynthetic Processes of Bacillus

  • The effect of chloramphenicol on the symbiosis between alga and hydra

  • Esterases in Serum-Containing Growth Media Counteract Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Activity In Vitro

  • How Partially Inhibitory Concentrations of Chloramphenicol Affect the Growth of Escherichia coli

  • Chloramphenicol resistance genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from human and animal sources in Hungary

Company Profiles

  • Company in Israel
  • Company in Sweden
  • Company in Newyork
  • Company in Germany
  • Company in Hollister, CA
Uses
  • Chloramphenicol  and Phenicols in Foods

  • Central Nervous System Chloramphenicol Concentration in Premature Infants

  • Chloramphenicol Properties and Uses
  • Presence of precursor ribosome in the ribosomal preparation from chloramphenicol-treated Escherichia coli

  • Uses of Chloramphenicol
  • Chloramphenicol (Systemic) Uses
Patent
  • Direct chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assay
  • Fluorescent chloramphenicol derivatives for determination of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity
  • Morpholine Acetic acid Ester of Chloramphenicol
  • Process for Producing Chloramphenicol analogs
  • Production of Chloramphenicol, Bottromycin and Fradicin
  • Process for the Synthesis of Intermediates of Chloramphenicol and its analogues
  • Process for the production of amphotericin-B inhibiting production of amphotericin-A

Technology

  • Control Technology of Infectious Rhinitis of Rabbit
  • Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious Diseases

  • Intraspecies transfer of a chloramphenicol-resistance plasmid of staphylococcal origin

  • Pharmaceutical Powder Technology: Towards a science based understanding of the behavior of powder Systems
  • Nucleotide exchange and excision technology (NExT) DNA shuffling: a robust method for DNA fragmentation and directed evolution

Consultants
  • Consultant in New Delhi
  • Consultant in Venice FL
  • Professor Emeritus from a University
  • An Expert from a Consultancy
  • Consultant in Hyderabad

Project

  • The Chloramphenicol Resistance gene CMLA is disseminated on transferable Plasmids that confer multiple-drug resistance in Swine Eschericia coli
  • Insertion of a Gene for Chloramphenicol Resistance from Bacillus subtilis into an Escherichia coli Plasmid

  • Chloramphenicol Palmitate
  • Projects Profile - Chloramphenicol Palmitate
  • Determination of Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Tissue using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector

Material Safety Data Sheet

  • Chloramphenicol
  • Chloramphenicol , D-threo-[dichloroacetyl-1,2-14C]
  • Chloramphenicol, 98.0 - 102.0%
  • Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate

Products

  • Chloramphenicol 1.0% Eye Ointment Brochlor for Conjunctivitis
  • Chloramphenicol Ophthaimic Ointment
  • RIDASCREEN® Chloramphenicol
  • Duricol Chloramphenicol Capsules
  • Chloramphenicol capsules BP
  • Chloromycetin Eye Drops

Market

  • U.S Customs service and food & Drug Administration uncover dumping scheme involving Contaminated honey imports from china
  • Shrimp: A review of the news in 2002
  • Chloramphenicol testing in seafood — FDA to post protocol on Internet soon
  • Retail Shrimp to be Routinely Tested for Chloramphenicol
  • Drugs & Pharmaceutical Raw Material - Retail Market Price Trends
  • Veterinary chloramphenicol - is being withdrawn from the market
Report
  • Chloramphenicol, food-safety and precautionary thinking in Europe
  • Induction of leukaemia in chloramphenicol-treated toads
  • Judgement by High Court of Calcutta
  • WHO expert committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations
  • A survey of chloramphenicol in imported crab meat

Suppliers

  • Chloramphenicol Suppliers
  • Chloramphenicol supplying Companies
  • Chloramphenicol Bulkdrugs Suppliers
  • Suppliers of Chloramphenicol
  • Chloramphenicol Selling Leads
  • Chloramphenicol Suppliers Directory

Buyers

  • Glory Laboratories Nigeria Limited
  • Krish Pharma
  • Shah Pharmachem Co
  • Jiangxi Medicine Imp & Exp Co Ltd
  • Changzhou Mingjiao Import And Export Corp. Ltd

Safety and Regulations

  • Safe and Efficient Detection of Chloramphenicol in Food using Automated SPE 

  • FDA Regulation
  • Standard Residue Regulations for Chloramphenicol in spain
  • Traces of Chloramphenicol in Chinese Bee Products

Toxicity and Guidelines

  • Chloramphenicol- Toxicological Studies
  • The Toxic Effects of Prolonged Administration of Chloramphenicol on the Liver and Kidney of Rats
  • Practice Guidance : OTC Chloramphenicol Eye Drops
  • FAQ of Chloramphenicol in Honey

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