Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD)
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• Flue Gas Desulphurization is widely acknowledged as today’s state-of-the art technology for removing sulfur dioxide from the exhaust flue gas in coal- and oil-fired power plants.
• Although the FGD process was originally established for environmental purposes, a large amount of high quality, synthetic gypsum is created as a byproduct of the scrubbing process.
• Wet flue gas desulfurization or scrubber systems are an excellent way of reducing the sulfur dioxide emissions caused by coal combustion boilers.
• Conventional wet FGD systems are in successful operation at a large number of coal-fired facilities ranging in size from small, individual applications to large utility applications of more than 1000 MW.
• FGD wastewater treatment has primarily consisted of physical/chemical processes for the removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metals.
• An innovative and patent-pending biological treatment system, iBIO™ technology, developed by Degremont Technologies – IDI, provides an enhanced treatment option for the removal of residual selenium compounds from FGD wastewaters.
• The new FGD wastewater method requires the analysis of two new QC samples, a Synthetic FGD Matrix Sample and a Fortified FGD Matrix Sample.
• Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum is understood as being the hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO4 • 2 H2O) produced within the flue gas desulphurization of power stations. FGD gypsum is also referred to as raw gypsum.
• The great majority of recently proposed and installed FGD systems for coal-fired units have utilized the wet limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) process.
• Cost estimate modeling for enhancement of mercury emissions control with a wet FGD system calculates the annual levelized costs following the basic methodology of EPRI’s TAG™ Technical Assessment Guide.
• The wet horizontal ball mill has typically been the workhorse for limestone slurry preparation within a wet FGD system.
• The conditions inside the operating FGD systems vary greatly depending upon the part of the system or component of interest. Thus, some parts of the FGD system require more aggressive corrosion protection than others.
• The AFGD(Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization) process is potentially applicable to all types of conventional coal-fired boilers including stoker, cyclone, wall-fired and tangentially fired boilers. Pure Air states that the most likely application of AFGD is with boilers above 100 MWe in capacity, since duct scrubbers are favored at lower capacities because of lower capital cost. Of the larger boilers, the most likely retrofit candidates would be those currently burning medium to high sulfur coal that choose to install scrubbers rather than switch fuels.
• High performance, cost-effective scrubbers will be prime contenders for a share of this market. The international market represents additional opportunities for AFGD.
• Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) technology has become the hot topic of power generation. The number of FGD units operating during some yrs grew from 40 in two countries to over 700 in 30 countries. Power plants in the U.S. are expected to spend $200 billion for FGD systems between 2005 and 2020. Of the 2.2 million megawatts of coal-fired plants in operation by 2020, two-thirds will be equipped with FGD systems.
• Over the next decade, owners of coal-fired power plants around the globe are expected to spend nearly $200 Billion to add flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems to existing and new combustion units. Most of this investment will be in China and the United States. Many emerging industrial nations, however, such as India and South Africa are also investing heavily in air pollution control (APC) technologies.
• Current coal consumption for Ohio exceeds 50 million tons annually, with almost half of this coal being mined in the state. Coal-fired electric utilities account for 90% of the coal consumed and supply nearly 90% of the state’s electricity. The combustion of such a large quantity of coal leads to enormous amounts of coal combustion products (CCPs). CCPs include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material.

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