- Citric acid is a weak
organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a natural preservative and is
also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks. In
biochemistry, it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid
cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of almost all living
things. It also serves as an environmentally benign cleaning agent and
acts as an antioxidant.
- Citric acid exists in a
variety of fruits and vegetables, but it is most concentrated in lemons
and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the
fruit. At room temperature, citric acid is a white crystalline powder.
It can exist either in an anhydrous (water-free) form, or as a
monohydrate that contains one water molecule for every molecule of
citric acid.
- In this production
technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used
today, cultures of Aspergillus niger are fed on sucrose to produce
citric acid. After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution,
citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with lime (calcium
hydroxide) to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is
regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid.
- Citric acid is used as
a food additive to make foods tart, or to adjust the acidity, or to mix
with bicarbonates to generate carbon dioxide gas. It is also used for
its anti-oxidant properties, to prevent oils from becoming rancid.
Citric acid is highly astringent, and is used as a skin toner.
- Citric acid was
originally extracted from lemons and limes, but it is now produced
commercially by a fermentation process. The mould Aspergillus niger is
used to ferment a carbohydrate source such as Molasses.
- Many of the industrial
applications of Citric acid are based not only upon its acidic
properties, but also upon its powerful sequestering action with various
transient metals, such as iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium and
manganese.
- Hit by high energy and
raw material costs coupled with the ongoing threat of cheaper Chinese
production, US and European citric acid firms have found themselves
increasingly squeezed into an unprofitable market, where increased costs
cannot adequately be recovered through price hikes.
- Citric acid is
one of the most widely used food acids by today's food and beverage
industry, with over 70 per cent of the world's 1.4 million ton market
propelled by this sector. Currently, Europe is left with only three
citric acid factories, the largest of which is Jungbunzlauer's plant in
Pernhofen, Austria. But although this plant has a capacity of 150,000
tons per year, market pressures have meant that it is not currently
running at full capacity.
- Citric acid is one of
the important chemicals used in various industrial processes. It is
estimated that about 500,000 tons of citric acid is produced annually by
fermentation of expensive raw materials like glucose and sucrose. In
developed countries, 65% of citric acid consumption is in food and
beverages and 20% in household detergents with the estimated global
growth rate in demand between a 4 to 5% per year.
- Citric acid dominates
the category of organic acids, with production estimated at 1.4 million
tons in 2004. On the back of numerous applications for the ingredient,
consumption is expected to grow strongly until 2009, with the market
value exceeding $2 billion.
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General
Information
- Citric Acid
- History of Citric
Acid
- Chemical Formula of
Citric Acid
- Characteristics of
Citric Acid
- Physical Properties of
Citric Acid
Production and
Processing
- Citric Acid
Production
- Production of Citric
Acid by Fungi
- Citric acid production
from glucose by yeast Candida oleophila
- Production of citric
acid by Aspergillus niger
- Production of Citric
Acid from a New Substrate, Undersized Semolina
- Citric Acid Production
by Solid State Fermentation
- Citric Acid from Citrus
Processing Wastes
- Citric acid production
from whey with sugars and
additives by Aspergillus niger
Functions and
Properties
- Biosynthetic and
Bioenergetic Functions of Citric Acid
- Effect of citric acid
on crystallization of calcium sulfate
- Properties of Citric
Acid
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
in Citric Acid Fermentation
- Sensory Properties of
Citric Acid
- Effects of Microbial
Phytase, Citric Acid, and Their Interaction in a Corn-Soybean
Reactions and
Cycle
- Citric Acid
Cycle
- Citric Acid Cycle
Reactions
- Complete Citric Acid
Cycle
- Reactions of Citric
Acid
- Citric Acid Electron
Transport Chain
- Overview of the citric
acid cycle
Company
Profiles
- APAC Chemical
Corporation
- Jungbunzlauer
- Pearl Chemicals Limited
- Shandong Business
Net
- Gadot Biochemical
Industries Ltd
- Vexim trades chemicals
Consultants
- Consultants and their
Resumes
Applications
- Agricultural
Applications of Citric Acid
- Uses of Citric Acid in
Food Industry
- Crystallization of
Calcium sulfate using Citric Acid
- Application of Citric
Acid in Neural Network
- Uses of Citric
Acid
- Application of Citric
Acid in Food Preservation
Product
- Citric Acid
Products
- Citric Acid Crystals
- DSM Nutritional Products
- List of Citric Acid
Products
- Citric Acid Sour
Salt
- Accelerade Sports
Drink
Material Safety Data
Sheet
- Citric Acid
Anhydrous
- Citric acid,
Monohydrate
- Citric acid
- Veggie Power Data
Sheet
- Mallinckrodt Baker,
Inc. Msds
- Chemtrec Msds for
Citric Acid
- Safety data for citric acid,
monohydrate
Guides
- Guide for Citric Acid
- Study Guide for Citric
Acid Cycle
- FAQs About Citric
Acid
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Technology and Technique
- Clean Manufacturing
Technology of Citric Acid
- Fruit sugar preserves
technology
- Aspergillus
Biotechnology
- Citric Acid Production
Technology
- Vogelbusch Citric Acid
Process Technology
- Citric Acid
Technology
- Sewage Treatment Plant
Sludge: Potential Microorganism for Citric Acid Production
- Citric Acid Recycling
using Novel Technique
Patent
- Extraction
of Citric Acid
- Process for
the Fermentative Production of Citric Acid
- Production
of Citric Acid
- Manufacturing of Citric Acid from
Olefins
- Process for
the production of an alkali metal citrate
- Herbicidal
composition consisting essentially of acetic acid and citric
acid
Plant and
Projects
- Citric Acid Recovery
Plant
- Citric Acid
Project
- Optimization of
parameters for citric acid production from cheddar cheese
- Kasel Project Citric
Acid- Iran
- Citric acid to reduce
acrylamide formation in French fries and roasted potatoes
- 100kt/a citric acid project
- Precipitation and
Deposition of Aluminum-Containing Phases in Tank Wastes
Equipments Suppliers
- Design &
Plant Constructions
- Chemical
Processing Equipment Suppliers
- Rotary
Dryers Suppliers
- Citric
Acid Equipments Suppliers in UK
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Market
- World Market for Citric
Acid
- Citric Acid
Market
- ADM closes citric acid
plant as Chinese competition bites
- Citric acid firms raise
prices as supply shortage threatens market
- Falling citric acid
prices claim Belgian casualties
- Citric Acid Market
Conditions
Report
- Citric Acid Production
by Aspergillus niger
- Influence of Diet on
the Endogenous Production of Citric Acid
- Lipase Secretion and
Citric Acid Production
- Roche inaugurates new
production plant for citric acid in China
- Citric Acid
Report
- Citric Acid Case
Study
- Gadot forges Chinese
joint venture for citric acid
Manufacturers and
Suppliers
- Citric Acid Suppliers
Directory
- Citric Acid
Suppliers
- Citric Acid
Exporters
- Foreign Suppliers of
Citric Acid
- Indian Suppliers of
Citric Acid
- Indian Exporters of
Citric Acid
- Trade Leads of Citric
Acid
- Maharashtra Industry
Directory of Citric Acid
- Manufacturers of Citric
Acid
- Qingdao Sanqingfood
Group Corp
- Selling Leads of Citric
Acid
- Suppliers of Citric
Acid
- Exporters of Citric
Acid
Buyers
- Foreign Buyers of
Citric Acid
- Indian Buyers Of Citric
Acid
- Citric Acid Buyers
Lists
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