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Project at a Glance

Contents on the CD Rom

  • Temefos or Temephos (trade name Abate) is an organophosphate larvicide used to treat water infested with disease-carrying insects including mosquitoes, midges, and black fly larvae.
  • Temephos is a General Use Pesticide.
  • Temephos (Abate) is an Organo-phosphorus compound.
  • Its chemical formula is 0,0,0,0-tetra Methyl 0,0-thio-dephenyle phosphorothioate.
  • Temephos is a white, crystalline solid in its pure form. The technical grade is a brown viscous liquid.
  • In the developing world where the vector-borne disease dengue fever is endemic, temephos is widely used and applied by both
    private and public pest control in areas of standing water where the Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in order to reduce the population
    of this disease-carrying insect.
  • Temephos can be extracted by using liquid–liquid or a solid-phase extraction method.
  • Temephos solution were provided by Funasa or prepared from the 98% temephos standard solution. Solution concentration and purity were verified by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector and a mass spectrometer detector.
  • Temephos is also used in the Guinea Worm Eradication program to kill water fleas that carry guinea worm larvae.
  • It is used in lakes, ponds and wetlands.
  • It also may be used to control fleas on dogs and cats and to control lice on humans.
  • Temephos is also used experimentally on cotton, alfalfa, citrus and other crops for control of cutworms, thrips on citrus and Lygus bugs.
  • It is sometimes mixed with other insecticides for broader spectrum control.
  • It is also used as a formulated powder for the control of body lice.
  • This is the only organophosphate pesticide registered with the EPA for larvicidal use in the USA.
  • It is considered an important management tool for mosquito control programmes, being used to help prevent development of
    resistance to the bacterial larvicides.
  • Annual usage is approximately 25,000 to 40,000 pounds of active ingredient per year.
  • Temephos use has declined in recent years due to deletion of the use on citrus.
  • Temephos was first registered in the United States in 1965 by American Cyanamid Company for a number of uses including citrus
    fruits, pet collars, and mosquito control.
  • Temephos is recommended by WHO for addition to potable water as larvicide treatment at an application rate not exceeding 1 mg/l.
  • Temephos can be safely used in drinking water as it has a low mammalian toxicity.
  • This chemical was first introduced for mosquito larval control in Thailand in 1968 by the Aedes Research Unit funded by the
    World Health Organization (WHO) and later promoted on nationwide basis in 1978 in conjunction with primary health care, mainly
    in urban areas.
  • In rural areas, the percentages of rural households that applied temephos to storage containers meant for washing, bathing and flushing toilets amounted to 54%, 59%, 55% respectively.
  • Temephos is a larvacide which effectively controls the vectors of human diseases such as Malaria, Onchocerciasis, Epidemic Typhus Fever, Filariasis, Dracunculiasis, Yellow Fever, Dengue and various other arbovirus diseases.
  • The level of temephos resistance was detected in a microplate by biochemical assay using WHO
    bioassay technique.
  • The concentration and purity of temephos solutions were verified by gas chromatography.
  • Resistance to temephos by A. aegypti has been seen in Brazil.
  • The Brazilian Aedes aegypti resistance monitoring program detected temephos resistance in A. aegypti populations from several localities in the country in 1999.
  • The efficacy of a larvicide, temephos, for controlling Ae. aegypti was evaluated in a
    cemetery in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Slow-release larvicides as temephos can reduce the frequency and cost of insecticide application
    to control mosquito populations.
  • The use of temephos in an environment with high availability of potential breeding sites was effective in reducing Ae. aegypti
    populations.
  • In general, tendency of resistance to temephos in Ae. aegypti was most prevalent in Nakhon Sawan and Nakhon Ratchasima, located in the northcentral and northeastern parts of Thailand.
  • Temephos has been widely used throughout the country, naturally resistance was focal.
  • In urban areas, the standard packages available facilitated the correct use of temephos in dragon jars used for storage of water for drinking purposes (60 to 200 litres).
  • Temephos was more widely used in rural areas than in urban settings with 60% of rural households
    and only 25% of urban households reporting the use of temephos in at least one container in the past 12 months.
General Information
  • Temefos general information
  • Temephos
  • Temefos information sheet
  • Temephos (Insecticide): Chemical summary page

Process

  • Technical Temephos
  • Genotoxic evaluation of the
    organophosphorous pesticide temephos
  • Impact of temephos (Abate)
    on the non-target invertebrate fauna
  • Combination larvicidal action of solanum xanthocarpum extract and certain synthetic insecticides against filarial vector, culex quinquef asciatus(say)

Studies

  • Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to the
    insecticide temephos in the Federal District, Brazil
  • Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Some Chemical and Biological Larvicides against Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) Immature Stages
  • Laboratory bioefficacy of nine commercial formulations of
    temephos against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes
    albopictus Skuse and Culex quinquefasciatus Say
  • Oviposition behaviour of Aedes albopictus in temephos
    and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis-treated ovitraps

Functions

  • Current resistance status to temephos in Aedes aegypti
    from different regions of Argentina
  • Effect of organophosphates malathion and temephos on cholinesterase activity in the earthworm Eisenia fetida
    (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)
  • Effects of the mosquito larvicide temephos to non target organisms in a saltmarsh community
  • Efficacy of two temephos formulations against chironomus salinarius (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the saltwater lagoon of venice, italy
  • Laboratory bioefficacy of CREEK 1.0G (temephos) against Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) larvae
  • Biochemical Detection of Temephos Resistance
    in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) from Dengue-endemic Areas of Selangor State, Malaysia
  • Effect of Temephos 20EC on non-target saxicolous fauna of a tropical african island river at first treatment

Patent

  • Gypsum-based insecticide pellets and method of manufacture
  • Insecticide dispenser
  • Arthropodicidal use of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to attract and control corn rootworm (Diabrotica)
  • Anthelmintic paste compositions containing resinates of d1-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
  • Pesticidal resin compositions and pesticidal products formed from the same
  • Small Hive Beetle Control Harbourage

Company Profiles & Plant

  • Company from India
  • Another company from India
  • Company from Mumbai
  • Another company from Mumbai
  • Company from Saudi Arabia
  • Plant from India
  • Another plant from India

Consultancy

  • Consultant from Argentina
  • Consultant from Iran
  • Consultant from Maryland
  • Consultant from New Delhi
  • Consultant from South Africa
  • Consultant from UK
  • Consultant from USA
  • Consultant from Washington
  • Turnkey consultant from India

Toxicity

  • Toxicity Effect of Temephos on Bulinus globossus and Lymnaea natalensis
  • Temephos - Evaluation for
    derogation for essential use
  • Temephos
  • Temephos distribution and toxicity in a South Florida Saltmarsh Community
  • Toxicologic Information About Insecticides Used for Eradicating Mosquitoes (West Nile Virus Control)

Fact Sheet

  • Temephos Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
  • Temephos Facts
  • Temephos (Abate) Chemical Profile
  • Temephos RED
Applications
  • Methods for field detection of resistance to temephos in simulids. Larval esterase level and topical application of the insecticide to adults
  • Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis
    var israelensis in integrated control
  • Chemical control of nuisance midgets in the santa ana river basin, southern california
  • Larvicidal Efficacy of new formulations of temephos in non-woven sachets against larvae of aedes aegypti (L.) in water storage containers
  • Control of Aedes aegypti with temephos in a Buenos Aires cemetery, Argentina
  • Household Practices of Temephos Use for
    Dengue Larval Control, Khon Kaen Province, North-east Thailand
  • Potential development of temephos resistance in Aedes Aegypti related to its mechanism and susceptibility to dengue virus
  • Use of Temephos for Control of Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Americana Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • Temephos in Drinking-water:
    Use for Vector Control in Drinking-water Sources and Containers

Product

  • ProVect 4E Larvicide
  • Abate 4-E Insecticide
  • Abate 500 E
  • Assassin Sheep Dip
  • Stopmos 44.6 EC
  • Abate® 4-E Insecticide
  • Larvate® 10SG
  • Larvate® 500EC
  • ProVect 1G Larvicide

Material Safety Data Sheet

  • Abate 10SG Mosquito Larvicide Granules
  • Coopers Assassin Sheep Dip
  • Larvate 10SG
  • Abate 4-E Insecticide
  • Larvate 500EC
  • Safety data sheet - Abate 500E
  • AllPro ProVect Mini-G Larvicide

Technology

  • Community-centred approach for the control of Aedes spp. in a peri-urban zone in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    using temephos
  • Temephos resistance in two forms of Aedes Aegypti and its significance for the resistance mechanism
  • The Analysis of Organophosphate
    Pesticides by LC/MS
  • Sensitivity and accuracy of a bio-assay for the determination of the concentration of residual pesticide in natural water bodies

Report

  • Coopers Assassin Sheep Dip (Containing) Temephos
  • Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
  • Temephos
  • Emerging Resistance to Temephos in Anopheles Stephensi in the Al-Dhahira Region of Oman
  • Temephos Information
  • Trend of Temephos Resistance in Aedes (Stegomyia) Mosquitoes in Thailand During 2003–2005
  • Temephos Report
  • Temephos as a replacement larvicide for oil for the control of anopheles maculatus, the main vector of malaria in peninsular malaysia

Suppliers

  • Suppliers of Temephos
  • Temephos suppliers
  • Selling leads of Temephos
  • Suppliers and Manufacturers of Temephos
  • Temephos exporters

Raw Material Suppliers

  • Silica Gel Suppliers
  • Dimethyl 4-nitrophthalate Suppliers
  • Suppliers of Dimethyl 4-nitrophthalate
  • Ethyl Acetate Selling Leads
  • n-hexane Suppliers
  • Silica Gel Exporters
  • Ethyl Acetate Indian Suppliers
  • Suppliers and Manufacturers of n-hexane
  • Selling Leads of Silica Gel
  • Silica Gel Column Suppliers
  • Ethyl Acetate World Wide Suppliers

Equipment Suppliers

  • High performance liquid chromatography suppliers and manufacturers
  • Suppliers of High performance liquid chromatography

Guide Lines

  • Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Temephos
  • Guidelines for use of larvicides in clean and polluted water

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